The Coupling Cloud: A community database of megathrust kinematic coupling models

Authors

  • Bar Oryan Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California San Diego
  • Alice-Agnes Gabriel Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA; Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, 80333 Munich, Germany https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0112-8412
  • Roland Bürgmann Department of Earth and Planetary Science, UC Berkeley https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3560-044X
  • Eric Calais Laboratoire de Géologie, Ecole normale supérieure - PSL, CNRS UMR 8538, Paris France https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5935-8117
  • Guo Cheng Nevada Bureau of Mines and Geology, University of Nevada, Reno, NV, USA
  • Mohamed Chlieh Université Grenoble Alpes, Université Savoie Mont Blanc, CNRS, IRD, Université Gustave Eiffel, STerre, Grenoble, France
  • Beatriz Cosenza-Muralles Instituto de Investigación en Ciencias Físicas y Matemáticas (IFIM), Escuela de Ciencias Físicas y Matemáticas, Universidad de San Carlos de Guatemala https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4626-2757
  • Víctor M. Cruz-Atienza Instituto de Geofísica, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México
  • Luca Dal Zilio Earth Observatory of Singapore, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore;Asian School of the Environment, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5642-0894
  • Charles DeMets Department of Geoscience, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison WI 53706 USA https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7460-1165
  • Andria Ellis U.S. Geological Survey, Hawaiian Volcano Observatory, Hilo, Hawaii, USA
  • Lujia Feng Earth Observatory of Singapore, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore;Asian School of the Environment, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3736-5025
  • Jeffrey T. Freymueller Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
  • Endra Gunawan Institut Teknologi Bandung, Indonesia https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7187-1466
  • Nuraini R. Hanifa Research Center for Geological Disaster, National Research and Innovation Agency, Bandung, Indonesia
  • George E. Hilley Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
  • Ya-Ju Hsu Institute of Earth Sciences, Academia Sinica
  • Takeshi Iinuma Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology, Yokosuka, Japan https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0386-2055
  • Yuji Itoh Earthquake Research Institute, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7848-1399
  • Jorge Jara GFZ Helmholtz Centre for Geosciences, Potsdam, Germany
  • Kaj M. Johnson Department of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, USA
  • Romain Jolivet Laboratoire de Géologie, Ecole normale supérieure - PSL, CNRS UMR 8538, Paris France;Institut Universitaire de France, 1 rue Descartes, 75006 Paris, France https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9896-3651
  • Masayuki Kano Disaster Prevention Research Institute, Kyoto University, Japan https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7288-4760
  • Emilie Klein Laboratoire de Géologie, Ecole normale supérieure - PSL, CNRS UMR 8538, Paris France https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3239-5118
  • Shanshan Li School of Computing at University of Wyoming
  • Shaoyang Li State Key Laboratory of Lithospheric and Environmental Coevolution, Institute of Geology and Geophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9832-4561
  • Eric O. Lindsey Department of Earth & Planetary Sciences, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, USA
  • Zhen Liu Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology
  • John P. Loveless Department of Geosciences, Smith College, Northampton, MA, USA https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0416-8727
  • Bertrand Lovery Université Grenoble Alpes, Université Savoie Mont Blanc, CNRS, IRD, Université Gustave Eiffel, STerre, Grenoble, France https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3671-0608
  • Louise Maubant Earthquake Research Institute, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2077-169X
  • Sylvain Michel Université Côte d’Azur, IRD, CNRS, Observatoire de la Côte d’Azur, Valbonne, France;Sorbonne Université, CNRS-INSU, Institut des Sciences de la Terre Paris, ISTeP UMR 7193, Paris, France
  • Cyril Muller Observatorio Vulcanológico y Sismológico de Costa Rica, Universidad Nacional de Costa Rica Heredia, Costa Rica https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3744-5700
  • Marianne Métois Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, ENS de Lyon, Université Jean Monnet, CNRS, LGL-TPE, UMR5276 https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1489-0513
  • Takuya Nishimura Disaster Prevention Research Institute, Kyoto University, Japan
  • Akemi Noda Meteorological Research Institute, Tsukuba, Japan https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9825-568X
  • Dibyashakti Panda Department of Geology, School of Earth Sciences, Central University of Tamil Nadu, Thiruvarur, India, 610005 https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3190-9693
  • Mason Perry Earth Observatory of Singapore, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
  • Raymundo Plata-Martinez Instituto de Geofísica, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9272-0926
  • Mathilde Radiguet Université Grenoble Alpes, Université Savoie Mont Blanc, CNRS, IRD, Université Gustave Eiffel, STerre, Grenoble, France
  • Baptiste Rousset Institut Terre et Environnement de Strasbourg UMR7063, Université de Strasbourg/CNRS/ENGESS, 5 Rue René Descartes, Strasbourg, 67000, France https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9304-0498
  • Elizabeth M. Sherrill GEOMAR Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research Kiel, Germany
  • Anne Socquet Université Grenoble Alpes, Université Savoie Mont Blanc, CNRS, IRD, Université Gustave Eiffel, STerre, Grenoble, France https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9208-7136
  • Juan Carlos Villegas-Lanza Instituto Geofísico del Perú (IGP), Lima, Peru
  • Laura M. Wallace GEOMAR Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research Kiel, Germany;Institute for Geophysics, University of Texas, Austin, TX, USA
  • Lian Xue School of Earth and Space Science, Peking University, Beijing, China
  • Yusuke Yokota Institute of Industrial Science, University of Tokyo, Japan
  • Shoichi Yoshioka Research Center for Urban Safety and Security, Kobe University, Rokkodai-cho 1-1, Nada ward, Kobe 657-8501, Japan;Department of Planetology, Graduate School of Science, Kobe University, Rokkodai-cho 1-1, Nada ward, Kobe 657-8501, Japan https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0238-1033
  • Shui-Beih Yu Institute of Earth Sciences, Academia Sinica

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.26443/seismica.v5i1.2314

Abstract

Kinematic coupling models inverted from geodetic data are widely used to evaluate how slip deficit is distributed along subduction megathrusts during the interseismic period, and are central to earthquake and tsunami hazard assessment. Yet, existing coupling models differ widely in methodology and inputs, lack common community standards, and are scattered across publications and repositories. Here, we introduce the "Coupling Cloud" (https://couplingcloud.ucsd.edu), an open, extensible, community-driven platform that curates, standardizes, documents, and disseminates more than 96 kinematic coupling models from 55 publications across 21 subduction margins. The platform provides interactive 2D and 3D plate-interface viewers to inspect coupling models together with associated information such as slab geometry, uncertainty estimates and metadata. All datasets can be downloaded directly in standardized formats: surface-projected coupling values as NetCDF, plate-interface dislocation geometries as VTU, and model metadata as YAML files. We demonstrate the advantages of centralized and standardized coupling data through a Cascadia subduction zone example, where synthesizing eight full-margin models reveals along-strike patterns that are not apparent when models are examined individually. Consolidating coupling models within a coherent, version-controlled framework enables systematic cross-margin comparison and FAIR-compliant data sharing, opening the door to more comprehensive assessment of megathrust mechanics.

References

Abe, D., & Yoshioka, S. (2022). Spatiotemporal distributions of interplate coupling in Tohoku, northeast Japan, for 14 years prior to the 2011 Tohoku-oki earthquake inverted from GNSS data. Tectonophysics, 838. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tecto.2022.229479

Ahrens, J., Geveci, B., & Law, C. (2005). ParaView: An End-User Tool for Large-Data Visualization. In Visualization Handbook (pp. 717–731). Elsevier. https://doi.org/10.1016/b978-012387582-2/50038-1

Arnulf, A. F., Bassett, D., Harding, A. J., Kodaira, S., Nakanishi, A., & Moore, G. (2022). Upper-plate controls on subduction zone geometry, hydration and earthquake behaviour. Nature Geoscience, 15(2), 143–148. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41561-021-00879-x

Avouac, J.-P. (2015). From Geodetic Imaging of Seismic and Aseismic Fault Slip to Dynamic Modeling of the Seismic Cycle. Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences, 43(1), 233–271. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-earth-060614-105302

Baba, T., Tanioka, Y., Cummins, P. R., & Uhira, K. (2002). The slip distribution of the 1946 Nankai earthquake estimated from tsunami inversion using a new plate model. Physics of the Earth and Planetary Interiors, 132(1–3). https://doi.org/10.1016/s0031-9201(02)00044-4

Bartlow, N. M. (2020). A Long‐Term View of Episodic Tremor and Slip in Cascadia. Geophysical Research Letters, 47(3). https://doi.org/10.1029/2019gl085303

Bassett, D., Shillington, D. J., Wallace, L. M., & Elliott, J. L. (2025). Variation in slip behaviour along megathrusts controlled by multiple physical properties. Nature Geoscience, 18(1), 20–31. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41561-024-01617-9

Becker, J. J., Sandwell, D. T., Smith, W. H. F., Braud, J., Binder, B., Depner, J., Fabre, D., Factor, J., Ingalls, S., Kim, S.-H., Ladner, R., Marks, K., Nelson, S., Pharaoh, A., Trimmer, R., Von Rosenberg, J., Wallace, G., & Weatherall, P. (2009). Global Bathymetry and Elevation Data at 30 Arc Seconds Resolution: SRTM30_PLUS. Marine Geodesy, 32(4), 355–371. https://doi.org/10.1080/01490410903297766

Ben-Kiki, O., Evans, C., & Ingerson, B. (2009). YAML Ain’t Markup Language (YAML) Version 1.1. https://yaml.org/spec/1.1/

Blewitt, G., Hammond, W., & Kreemer, C. (2018). Harnessing the GPS Data Explosion for Interdisciplinary Science. Eos, 99. https://doi.org/10.1029/2018eo104623

Brudzinski, M. R., & Allen, R. M. (2007). Segmentation in episodic tremor and slip all along Cascadia. Geology, 35(10), 907. https://doi.org/10.1130/g23740a.1

Burgette, R. J., Weldon, R. J., & Schmidt, D. A. (2009). Interseismic uplift rates for western Oregon and along‐strike variation in locking on the Cascadia subduction zone. Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth, 114(B1). https://doi.org/10.1029/2008jb005679

Bürgmann, R., Kogan, M. G., Steblov, G. M., Hilley, G., Levin, V. E., & Apel, E. (2005). Interseismic coupling and asperity distribution along the Kamchatka subduction zone. Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth, 110(B7). https://doi.org/10.1029/2005jb003648

Bürgmann, R., Rosen, P. A., & Fielding, E. J. (2000). Synthetic Aperture Radar Interferometry to Measure Earth’s Surface Topography and Its Deformation. Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences, 28(1), 169–209. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.earth.28.1.169

Carbotte, S. M., Boston, B., Han, S., Shuck, B., Beeson, J., Canales, J. P., Tobin, H., Miller, N., Nedimovic, M., Tréhu, A., Lee, M., Lucas, M. C., Jian, H., Jiang, D., Moser, L., Anderson, C., Judd, D., Fernandez, J., Campbell, C., … Gahlawat, R. (2024). Subducting plate structure and megathrust morphology from deep seismic imaging linked to earthquake rupture segmentation at Cascadia. Science Advances, 10(23). https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.adl3198

Cheng, G., Barnhart, W. D., & Small, D. (2024). Constraints from GPS measurements on plate coupling within the Makran subduction zone and tsunami scenarios in the western Indian Ocean. Geophysical Journal International, 237(1), 288–301. https://doi.org/10.1093/gji/ggae046

Chlieh, M., Avouac, J. P., Sieh, K., Natawidjaja, D. H., & Galetzka, J. (2008). Heterogeneous coupling of the Sumatran megathrust constrained by geodetic and paleogeodetic measurements. Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth, 113(B5). https://doi.org/10.1029/2007jb004981

Chlieh, M., Beauval, C., Yepes, H., Marinière, J., Saillard, M., & Audin, L. (2021). Seismic and Aseismic Cycle of the Ecuador–Colombia Subduction Zone. Frontiers in Earth Science, 9. https://doi.org/10.3389/feart.2021.701720

Cosenza-Muralles, B., DeMets, C., Márquez-Azúa, B., Sánchez, O., Stock, J., Cabral-Cano, E., & McCaffrey, R. (2021). GPS-derived interseismic fault locking along the Jalisco–Colima segment of the Mexico subduction zone. Geophysical Journal International, 228(3), 2174–2197. https://doi.org/10.1093/gji/ggab436

Cruz-Atienza, V. M., Tago, J., Domínguez, L. A., Kostoglodov, V., Ito, Y., Ovando-Shelley, E., Rodríguez-Nikl, T., González, R., Franco, S., Solano-Rojas, D., Beltrán-Gracia, J., Miranda-García, P., Boudin, F., Rivera, L., Bécel, A., Villafuerte, C., Real, J., Kazachkina, E., & Ronquillo, A. (2025). Seafloor geodesy unveils seismogenesis of large subduction earthquakes in Mexico. Science Advances, 11(37). https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.adu8259

Dal Zilio, L., Jolivet, R., & van Dinther, Y. (2020). Segmentation of the Main Himalayan Thrust Illuminated by Bayesian Inference of Interseismic Coupling. Geophysical Research Letters, 47(4). https://doi.org/10.1029/2019gl086424

DeSanto, J. B., Schmidt, D. A., Zumberge, M., Sasagawa, G., & Chadwell, C. D. (2025). Near full locking on the shallow megathrust of the central Cascadia subduction zone revealed by GNSS-Acoustic. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 665. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2025.119463

Dixon, T. H. (1991). An introduction to the global positioning system and some geological applications. Reviews of Geophysics, 29(2), 249–276. https://doi.org/10.1029/91rg00152

Drooff, C., & Freymueller, J. T. (2021). New Constraints on Slip Deficit on the Aleutian Megathrust and Inflation at Mt. Veniaminof, Alaska From Repeat GPS Measurements. Geophysical Research Letters, 48(4). https://doi.org/10.1029/2020gl091787

Ellis, A., DeMets, C., McCaffrey, R., Briole, P., Cosenza Muralles, B., Flores, O., Guzmán-Speziale, M., Hernández, D., Kostoglodov, V., LaFemina, P., Lord, N., Lasserre, C., Lyon-Caen, H., Rodriguez Maradiaga, M., Molina, E., Rivera, J., Rogers, R., Staller, A., & Tikoff, B. (2019). GPS constraints on deformation in northern Central America from 1999 to 2017, Part 2: Block rotations and fault slip rates, fault locking and distributed deformation. Geophysical Journal International, 218(2), 729–754. https://doi.org/10.1093/gji/ggz173

Elston, H. M., Loveless, J. P., & Delph, J. R. (2025). Influence of Subduction Interface Geometry on Surface Displacements and Slip Processes in Cascadia. Earth and Space Science, 12(10). https://doi.org/10.1029/2025ea004623

Feigl, K. L., Agnew, D. C., Bock, Y., Dong, D., Donnellan, A., Hager, B. H., Herring, T. A., Jackson, D. D., Jordan, T. H., King, R. W., Larsen, S., Larson, K. M., Murray, M. H., Shen, Z., & Webb, F. H. (1993). Space geodetic measurement of crustal deformation in central and southern California, 1984–1992. Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth, 98(B12), 21677–21712. https://doi.org/10.1029/93jb02405

Feng, L., Newman, A. V., Protti, M., González, V., Jiang, Y., & Dixon, T. H. (2012). Active deformation near the Nicoya Peninsula, northwestern Costa Rica, between 1996 and 2010: Interseismic megathrust coupling. Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth, 117(B6). https://doi.org/10.1029/2012jb009230

Fukuda, J., & Johnson, K. M. (2008). A Fully Bayesian Inversion for Spatial Distribution of Fault Slip with Objective Smoothing. Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, 98(3). https://doi.org/10.1785/0120070194

Gagnon, K., Chadwell, C. D., & Norabuena, E. (2005). Measuring the onset of locking in the Peru–Chile trench with GPS and acoustic measurements. Nature, 434(7030), 205–208. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature03412

Giardini, D., Grünthal, G., Shedlock, K. M., & Zhang, P. (1999). The GSHAP Global Seismic Hazard Map. Annals of Geophysics, 42(6). https://doi.org/10.4401/ag-3784

Glehman, J., Gabriel, A., Ulrich, T., Ramos, M., Huang, Y., & Lindsey, E. (2025). Partial ruptures governed by the complex interplay between geodetic slip deficit, rigidity, and pore fluid pressure in 3D Cascadia dynamic rupture simulations. Seismica, 2(4). https://doi.org/10.26443/seismica.v2i4.1427

Goldberg, D. E., Koch, P., Melgar, D., Riquelme, S., & Yeck, W. L. (2022). Beyond the Teleseism: Introducing Regional Seismic and Geodetic Data into Routine USGS Finite-Fault Modeling. Seismological Research Letters, 93(6), 3308–3323. https://doi.org/10.1785/0220220047

Goldfinger, C., Nelson, C. H., Morey, A. E., Johnson, J. E., Patton, J. R., Karabanov, E. B., Gutierrez-Pastor, J., Eriksson, A. T., Gracia, E., Dunhill, G., Enkin, R. J., Dallimore, A., & Vallier, T. (2012). Turbidite event history—Methods and implications for Holocene paleoseismicity of the Cascadia subduction zone. In R. Kayen (Ed.), Professional Paper. US Geological Survey. https://doi.org/10.3133/pp1661f

Gombert, B., Duputel, Z., Jolivet, R., Simons, M., Jiang, J., Liang, C., Fielding, E. J., & Rivera, L. (2018). Strain budget of the Ecuador–Colombia subduction zone: A stochastic view. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 498. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2018.06.046

Hanifa, N. R., Sagiya, T., Kimata, F., Efendi, J., Abidin, H. Z., & Meilano, I. (2014). Interplate coupling model off the southwestern coast of Java, Indonesia, based on continuous GPS data in 2008–2010. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 401. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2014.06.010

Hayes, G. P. (2017). The finite, kinematic rupture properties of great-sized earthquakes since 1990. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 468. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2017.04.003

Hayes, G. P., Moore, G. L., Portner, D. E., Hearne, M., Flamme, H., Furtney, M., & Smoczyk, G. M. (2018). Slab2, a comprehensive subduction zone geometry model. Science, 362(6410), 58–61. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aat4723

Hori, T., Agata, R., Ichimura, T., Fujita, K., Yamaguchi, T., & Iinuma, T. (2021). High-fidelity elastic Green’s functions for subduction zone models consistent with the global standard geodetic reference system. Earth, Planets and Space, 73(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s40623-021-01370-y

Hosseini, K., Matthews, K. J., Sigloch, K., Shephard, G. E., Domeier, M., & Tsekhmistrenko, M. (2018). SubMachine: Web‐Based Tools for Exploring Seismic Tomography and Other Models of Earth’s Deep Interior. Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems, 19(5), 1464–1483. https://doi.org/10.1029/2018gc007431

Hoyer, S., & Hamman, J. (2017). xarray: N-D labeled Arrays and Datasets in Python. Journal of Open Research Software, 5(1), 10. https://doi.org/10.5334/jors.148

Hsu, Y., Yu, S., Loveless, J. P., Bacolcol, T., Solidum, R., Luis, A., Pelicano, A., & Woessner, J. (2016). Interseismic deformation and moment deficit along the Manila subduction zone and the Philippine Fault system. Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth, 121(10), 7639–7665. https://doi.org/10.1002/2016jb013082

Hunter, J. D. (2007). Matplotlib: A 2D Graphics Environment. Computing in Science & Engineering, 9(3), 90–95. https://doi.org/10.1109/mcse.2007.55

Ide, S. (2007). Slip Inversion. In Treatise on Geophysics (pp. 193–223). Elsevier. https://doi.org/10.1016/b978-044452748-6.00068-7

Itoh, Y., Nishimura, T., Wang, K., & He, J. (2021). New Megathrust Locking Model for the Southern Kurile Subduction Zone Incorporating Viscoelastic Relaxation and Non‐Uniform Compliance of Upper Plate. Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth, 126(5). https://doi.org/10.1029/2020jb019981

Jackson, M., & Bilham, R. (1994). Constraints on Himalayan deformation inferred from vertical velocity fields in Nepal and Tibet. Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth, 99(B7). https://doi.org/10.1029/94jb00714

Jara, J., Jolivet, R., Socquet, A., Comte, D., & Norabuena, E. (2024). Detection of slow slip events along the southern Peru - northern Chile subduction zone. Seismica, 3(1). https://doi.org/10.26443/seismica.v3i1.980

Jolivet, R., Simons, M., Duputel, Z., Olive, J. ‐A., Bhat, H. S., & Bletery, Q. (2020). Interseismic Loading of Subduction Megathrust Drives Long‐Term Uplift in Northern Chile. Geophysical Research Letters, 47(8). https://doi.org/10.1029/2019gl085377

Kaneko, Y., Avouac, J.-P., & Lapusta, N. (2010). Towards inferring earthquake patterns from geodetic observations of interseismic coupling. Nature Geoscience, 3(5), 363–369. https://doi.org/10.1038/ngeo843

Kano, M., Aso, N., Matsuzawa, T., Ide, S., Annoura, S., Arai, R., Baba, S., Bostock, M., Chao, K., Heki, K., Itaba, S., Ito, Y., Kamaya, N., Maeda, T., Maury, J., Nakamura, M., Nishimura, T., Obana, K., Ohta, K., … Obara, K. (2018). Development of a Slow Earthquake Database. Seismological Research Letters, 89(4). https://doi.org/10.1785/0220180021

Kano, M., Ikeuchi, A., Nishimura, T., Miyazaki, S., & Matsushima, T. (2021). Potential of megathrust earthquakes along the southern Ryukyu Trench inferred from GNSS data. Earth, Planets and Space, 73(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s40623-021-01531-z

Klein, E., Métois, M., Meneses, G., Vigny, C., & Delorme, A. (2018). Bridging the gap between North and Central Chile: insight from new GPS data on coupling complexities and the Andean sliver motion. Geophysical Journal International, 213(3), 1924–1933. https://doi.org/10.1093/gji/ggy094

Laske, G., Masters, G., Ma, Z., & Pasyanos, M. (2013). Update on CRUST1.0 — A 1-degree global model of Earth’s crust. Geophysical Research Abstracts, 15(15), 2658.

Li, S., & Freymueller, J. T. (2018). Spatial Variation of Slip Behavior Beneath the Alaska Peninsula Along Alaska‐Aleutian Subduction Zone. Geophysical Research Letters, 45(8), 3453–3460. https://doi.org/10.1002/2017gl076761

Li, S., Moreno, M., Bedford, J., Rosenau, M., & Oncken, O. (2015). Revisiting viscoelastic effects on interseismic deformation and locking degree: A case study of the Peru‐North Chile subduction zone. Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth, 120(6). https://doi.org/10.1002/2015jb011903

Li, S., Wang, K., Wang, Y., Jiang, Y., & Dosso, S. E. (2018). Geodetically Inferred Locking State of the Cascadia Megathrust Based on a Viscoelastic Earth Model. Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth, 123(9). https://doi.org/10.1029/2018jb015620

Lindsey, E. O., Mallick, R., Hubbard, J. A., Bradley, K. E., Almeida, R. V., Moore, J. D. P., Bürgmann, R., & Hill, E. M. (2021). Slip rate deficit and earthquake potential on shallow megathrusts. Nature Geoscience, 14(5), 321–326. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41561-021-00736-x

Lindsey, E. O., Wang, Y., Aung, L. T., Chong, J.-H., Qiu, Q., Mallick, R., Feng, L., Aung, P. S., Tin, T. Z. H., Min, S. M., Bradley, K., Than, O., Oo, K. M., Thant, M., Masson, F., Bürgmann, R., & Hill, E. M. (2023). Active subduction and strain partitioning in western Myanmar revealed by a dense survey GNSS network. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 622, 118384. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2023.118384

Liu, Z., Owen, S., Dong, D., Lundgren, P., Webb, F., Hetland, E., & Simons, M. (2010). Estimation of interplate coupling in the Nankai trough, Japan using GPS data from 1996 to 2006. Geophysical Journal International. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-246x.2010.04600.x

Loveless, J. P., & Meade, B. J. (2016). Two decades of spatiotemporal variations in subduction zone coupling offshore Japan. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 436, 19–30. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2015.12.033

Lovery, B., Chlieh, M., Norabuena, E., Villegas‐Lanza, J. C., Radiguet, M., Cotte, N., Tsapong‐Tsague, A., Quiroz, W., Sierra Farfán, C., Simons, M., Nocquet, J. M., Tavera, H., & Socquet, A. (2024). Heterogeneous Locking and Earthquake Potential on the South Peru Megathrust From Dense GNSS Network. Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth, 129(2). https://doi.org/10.1029/2023jb027114

Lovery, B., Radiguet, M., Chlieh, M., Norabuena, E., Villegas‐Lanza, J. C., Cresseaux, J., Ragon, T., Tsapong‐Tsague, A., Tavera, H., & Socquet, A. (2025). Viscoelastic Relaxation Following the 2001 M w 8.4 Arequipa Earthquake and Its Impact on the Interseismic Coupling of the South Peru Megathrust. Geophysical Research Letters, 52(12). https://doi.org/10.1029/2024gl113879

Luo, H., Wang, K., Feng, L., & Hill, E. M. (2025). Interseismic secondary zone of subsidence during earthquake cycles in subduction zones. Nature Geoscience, 18(10), 1027–1033. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41561-025-01778-1

Mai, P. M., Schorlemmer, D., Page, M., Ampuero, J., Asano, K., Causse, M., Custodio, S., Fan, W., Festa, G., Galis, M., Gallovic, F., Imperatori, W., Käser, M., Malytskyy, D., Okuwaki, R., Pollitz, F., Passone, L., Razafindrakoto, H. N. T., Sekiguchi, H., … Zielke, O. (2016). The Earthquake‐Source Inversion Validation (SIV) Project. Seismological Research Letters, 87(3), 690–708. https://doi.org/10.1785/0220150231

Mai, P. M., Shearer, P., Ampuero, J., & Lay, T. (2016). Standards for Documenting Finite‐Fault Earthquake Rupture Models. Seismological Research Letters, 87(3), 712–718. https://doi.org/10.1785/0220150204

Mai, P. M., & Thingbaijam, K. K. S. (2014). SRCMOD: An Online Database of Finite-Fault Rupture Models. Seismological Research Letters, 85(6), 1348–1357. https://doi.org/10.1785/0220140077

Materna, K., Murray, J. R., Pollitz, F., & Patton, J. R. (2023). Slip Deficit Rates on Southern Cascadia Faults Resolved with Viscoelastic Earthquake Cycle Modeling of Geodetic Deformation. Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, 113(6). https://doi.org/10.1785/0120230007

Maubant, L., Frank, W. B., Wallace, L. M., Williams, C. A., & Hamling, I. (2023). Imaging the Spatiotemporal Evolution of Plate Coupling With Interferometric Radar (InSAR) in the Hikurangi Subduction Zone. Geophysical Research Letters, 50(19). https://doi.org/10.1029/2023gl105388

Maubant, L., Radiguet, M., Pathier, E., Doin, M.-P., Cotte, N., Kazachkina, E., & Kostoglodov, V. (2022). Interseismic coupling along the Mexican subduction zone seen by InSAR and GNSS. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 586, 117534. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2022.117534

Meade, B. J. (2007). Algorithms for the calculation of exact displacements, strains, and stresses for triangular dislocation elements in a uniform elastic half space. Computers & Geosciences, 33(8), 1064–1075. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cageo.2006.12.003

Melgar, D. (2021). Was the January 26th, 1700 Cascadia Earthquake Part of a Rupture Sequence? Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth, 126(10). https://doi.org/10.1029/2021jb021822

Melnick, D., Bookhagen, B., Strecker, M. R., & Echtler, H. P. (2009). Segmentation of megathrust rupture zones from fore‐arc deformation patterns over hundreds to millions of years, Arauco peninsula, Chile. Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth, 114(B1). https://doi.org/10.1029/2008jb005788

Métois, M., Socquet, A., & Vigny, C. (2012). Interseismic coupling, segmentation and mechanical behavior of the central Chile subduction zone. Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth, 117(B3). https://doi.org/10.1029/2011jb008736

Métois, M., Socquet, A., Vigny, C., Carrizo, D., Peyrat, S., Delorme, A., Maureira, E., Valderas-Bermejo, M.-C., & Ortega, I. (2013). Revisiting the North Chile seismic gap segmentation using GPS-derived interseismic coupling. Geophysical Journal International, 194(3). https://doi.org/10.1093/gji/ggt183

Métois, M., Vigny, C., & Socquet, A. (2016). Interseismic Coupling, Megathrust Earthquakes and Seismic Swarms Along the Chilean Subduction Zone (38°–18°S). Pure and Applied Geophysics, 173(5), 1431–1449. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00024-016-1280-5

Michel, S., Gualandi, A., & Avouac, J.-P. (2018). Interseismic Coupling and Slow Slip Events on the Cascadia Megathrust. Pure and Applied Geophysics, 176(9). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00024-018-1991-x

Michel, S., Jolivet, R., Klein, E., & Maubant, L. (2025). 14 Years of Slip on the Hikurangi Subduction Zone. Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth, 130(7). https://doi.org/10.1029/2024jb030865

Minson, S. E., Simons, M., & Beck, J. L. (2013). Bayesian inversion for finite fault earthquake source models I—theory and algorithm. Geophysical Journal International, 194(3). https://doi.org/10.1093/gji/ggt180

Moreno, M. S., Bolte, J., Klotz, J., & Melnick, D. (2009). Impact of megathrust geometry on inversion of coseismic slip from geodetic data: Application to the 1960 Chile earthquake. Geophysical Research Letters, 36(16). https://doi.org/10.1029/2009gl039276

Nishimura, T., Yokota, Y., Tadokoro, K., & Ochi, T. (2018). Strain partitioning and interplate coupling along the northern margin of the Philippine Sea plate, estimated from Global Navigation Satellite System and Global Positioning System-Acoustic data. Geosphere, 14(2), 535–551. https://doi.org/10.1130/ges01529.1

Noda, A., Saito, T., & Fukuyama, E. (2018). Slip‐Deficit Rate Distribution Along the Nankai Trough, Southwest Japan, With Elastic Lithosphere and Viscoelastic Asthenosphere. Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth, 123(9). https://doi.org/10.1029/2018jb015515

Okada, Y. (1986). Surface deformation due to shear and tensile faults in a half-space. International Journal of Rock Mechanics and Mining Sciences & Geomechanics Abstracts, 23(4), 128. https://doi.org/10.1016/0148-9062(86)90674-1

Okada, Y. (1992). Internal deformation due to shear and tensile faults in a half-space. Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, 82(2), 1018–1040. https://doi.org/10.1785/bssa0820021018

Oryan, B. (2025). Code for the coupling cloud. Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.17821569

Oryan, B., & Gabriel, A.-A. (2025). Do Coupled Megathrusts Rupture? EarthArXiv. https://doi.org/10.31223/X5HB3N

Panda, D., & Lindsey, E. O. (2024). Overriding Plate Deformation Controls Inferences of Interseismic Coupling Along the Himalayan Megathrust. Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth, 129(9). https://doi.org/10.1029/2024jb029819

Perry, M., Muller, C., Protti, M., Feng, L., & Hill, E. M. (2025). Interseismic Megathrust Coupling at the Osa Peninsula, Costa Rica. Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth, 130(7). https://doi.org/10.1029/2024jb030641

Philibosian, B., & Meltzner, A. J. (2020). Segmentation and supercycles: A catalog of earthquake rupture patterns from the Sumatran Sunda Megathrust and other well-studied faults worldwide. Quaternary Science Reviews, 241, 106390. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quascirev.2020.106390

Plata‐Martinez, R., Iinuma, T., Tomita, F., Nakamura, Y., Nishimura, T., & Hori, T. (2024). Revisiting Slip Deficit Rates and Its Insights Into Large and Slow Earthquakes at the Nankai Subduction Zone. Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth, 129(12). https://doi.org/10.1029/2023jb027942

Pollitz, F. F. (1997). Gravitational viscoelastic postseismic relaxation on a layered spherical Earth. Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth, 102(B8), 17921–17941. https://doi.org/10.1029/97jb01277

Pollitz, F. F. (2025). 3D Viscoelastic Models of Slip‐Deficit Rate Along the Cascadia Subduction Zone. Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth, 130(1). https://doi.org/10.1029/2024jb029847

Pollitz, F. F., & Evans, E. L. (2017). Implications of the earthquake cycle for inferring fault locking on the Cascadia megathrust. Geophysical Journal International, ggx009. https://doi.org/10.1093/gji/ggx009

Radiguet, M., Perfettini, H., Cotte, N., Gualandi, A., Valette, B., Kostoglodov, V., Lhomme, T., Walpersdorf, A., Cabral Cano, E., & Campillo, M. (2016). Triggering of the 2014 Mw7.3 Papanoa earthquake by a slow slip event in Guerrero, Mexico. Nature Geoscience, 9(11), 829–833. https://doi.org/10.1038/ngeo2817

Ramos, M. D., Huang, Y., Ulrich, T., Li, D., Gabriel, A., & Thomas, A. M. (2021). Assessing Margin‐Wide Rupture Behaviors Along the Cascadia Megathrust With 3‐D Dynamic Rupture Simulations. Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth, 126(7). https://doi.org/10.1029/2021jb022005

Rew, R., & Davis, G. (1990). NetCDF: an interface for scientific data access. IEEE Computer Graphics and Applications, 10(4). https://doi.org/10.1109/38.56302

Rousset, B., Lasserre, C., Cubas, N., Graham, S., Radiguet, M., DeMets, C., Socquet, A., Campillo, M., Kostoglodov, V., Cabral-Cano, E., Cotte, N., & Walpersdorf, A. (2015). Lateral Variations of Interplate Coupling along the Mexican Subduction Interface: Relationships with Long-Term Morphology and Fault Zone Mechanical Properties. Pure and Applied Geophysics, 173(10–11), 3467–3486. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00024-015-1215-6

Savage, J. C. (1983). A dislocation model of strain accumulation and release at a subduction zone. Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth, 88(B6). https://doi.org/10.1029/jb088ib06p04984

Schlömer, N. (2022). meshio: Tools for mesh files (v5.3.4) [Computer software]. Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6346837

Schmalzle, G. M., McCaffrey, R., & Creager, K. C. (2014). Central Cascadia subduction zone creep. Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems, 15(4), 1515–1532. https://doi.org/10.1002/2013gc005172

Schroeder, W., Martin, K. W., Martin, K., & Lorensen, B. (1998). The Visualization Toolkit (2nd ed.). Prentice Hall.

Scott, D. W. (1979). On optimal and data-based histograms. Biometrika, 66(3), 605–610. https://doi.org/10.1093/biomet/66.3.605

Sherrill, E. M., Johnson, K. M., & Jackson, N. M. (2024). Locating Boundaries Between Locked and Creeping Regions at Nankai and Cascadia Subduction Zones. Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth, 129(10). https://doi.org/10.1029/2024jb029346

Small, D. T., & Melgar, D. (2021). Geodetic Coupling Models as Constraints on Stochastic Earthquake Ruptures: An Example Application to PTHA in Cascadia. Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth, 126(7). https://doi.org/10.1029/2020jb021149

Stevens, V. L., & Avouac, J. P. (2015). Interseismic coupling on the main Himalayan thrust. Geophysical Research Letters, 42(14). https://doi.org/10.1002/2015gl064845

Sullivan, C., & Kaszynski, A. (2019). PyVista: 3D plotting and mesh analysis through a streamlined interface for the Visualization Toolkit (VTK). Journal of Open Source Software, 4(37), 1450. https://doi.org/10.21105/joss.01450

Tarantola, A. (2005). Inverse Problem Theory and Methods for Model Parameter Estimation. Society for Industrial. https://doi.org/10.1137/1.9780898717921

Tarantola, A., & Valette, B. (1982). Generalized nonlinear inverse problems solved using the least squares criterion. Reviews of Geophysics, 20(2), 219–232. https://doi.org/10.1029/rg020i002p00219

Tomita, F., Iinuma, T., Agata, R., & Hori, T. (2021). Development of a Trans‐Dimensional Fault Slip Inversion for Geodetic Data. Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth, 126(5). https://doi.org/10.1029/2020jb020991

Tsang, L. L. H., Meltzner, A. J., Hill, E. M., Freymueller, J. T., & Sieh, K. (2015). A paleogeodetic record of variable interseismic rates and megathrust coupling at Simeulue Island, Sumatra. Geophysical Research Letters, 42(24). https://doi.org/10.1002/2015gl066366

van Rijsingen, E., Calais, E., Jolivet, R., de Chabalier, J., Jara, J., Symithe, S., Robertson, R., & Ryan, G. (2020). Inferring Interseismic Coupling along the Lesser Antilles Arc: a Bayesian Approach. https://doi.org/10.31223/osf.io/kn7hq

Villegas‐Lanza, J. C., Chlieh, M., Cavalié, O., Tavera, H., Baby, P., Chire‐Chira, J., & Nocquet, J. ‐M. (2016). Active tectonics of Peru: Heterogeneous interseismic coupling along the Nazca megathrust, rigid motion of the Peruvian Sliver, and Subandean shortening accommodation. Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth, 121(10), 7371–7394. https://doi.org/10.1002/2016jb013080

Wallace, L. M., Barnes, P., Beavan, J., Van Dissen, R., Litchfield, N., Mountjoy, J., Langridge, R., Lamarche, G., & Pondard, N. (2012). The kinematics of a transition from subduction to strike‐slip: An example from the central New Zealand plate boundary. Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth, 117(B2). https://doi.org/10.1029/2011jb008640

Wang, K., & Dixon, T. (2004). “Coupling” Semantics and science in earthquake research. Eos, Transactions American Geophysical Union, 85(18), 180–180. https://doi.org/10.1029/2004eo180005

Wang, K., Hu, Y., & He, J. (2012). Deformation cycles of subduction earthquakes in a viscoelastic Earth. Nature, 484(7394), 327–332. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature11032

Wang, K., Zhu, Y., Nissen, E., & Shen, Z. (2021). On the Relevance of Geodetic Deformation Rates to Earthquake Potential. Geophysical Research Letters, 48(11). https://doi.org/10.1029/2021gl093231

Wang, L., Hainzl, S., & Mai, P. M. (2015). Quantifying slip balance in the earthquake cycle: Coseismic slip model constrained by interseismic coupling. Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth, 120(12), 8383–8403. https://doi.org/10.1002/2015jb011987

Wang, Z. (2010). Seismic Hazard Assessment: Issues and Alternatives. Pure and Applied Geophysics, 168(1–2), 11–25. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00024-010-0148-3

Wessel, P., Luis, J. F., Uieda, L., Scharroo, R., Wobbe, F., Smith, W. H. F., & Tian, D. (2019). The Generic Mapping Tools Version 6. Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems, 20(11), 5556–5564. https://doi.org/10.1029/2019gc008515

Widiyantoro, S., Gunawan, E., Muhari, A., Rawlinson, N., Mori, J., Hanifa, N. R., Susilo, S., Supendi, P., Shiddiqi, H. A., Nugraha, A. D., & Putra, H. E. (2020). Implications for megathrust earthquakes and tsunamis from seismic gaps south of Java Indonesia. Scientific Reports, 10(1). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-72142-z

Wilkinson, M. D., Dumontier, M., Aalbersberg, Ij. J., Appleton, G., Axton, M., Baak, A., Blomberg, N., Boiten, J.-W., da Silva Santos, L. B., Bourne, P. E., Bouwman, J., Brookes, A. J., Clark, T., Crosas, M., Dillo, I., Dumon, O., Edmunds, S., Evelo, C. T., Finkers, R., … Mons, B. (2016). The FAIR Guiding Principles for scientific data management and stewardship. Scientific Data, 3(1). https://doi.org/10.1038/sdata.2016.18

Xue, L., Schwartz, S., Liu, Z., & Feng, L. (2015). Interseismic megathrust coupling beneath the Nicoya Peninsula, Costa Rica, from the joint inversion of InSAR and GPS data. Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth, 120(5), 3707–3722. https://doi.org/10.1002/2014jb011844

Yabuki, T., & Matsu’ura, M. (1992). Geodetic data inversion using a Bayesian information criterion for spatial distribution of fault slip. Geophysical Journal International, 109(2), 363–375. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-246x.1992.tb00102.x

Yokota, Y., Ishikawa, T., Watanabe, S., Tashiro, T., & Asada, A. (2016). Seafloor geodetic constraints on interplate coupling of the Nankai Trough megathrust zone. Nature, 534(7607), 374–377. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature17632

Downloads

Additional Files

Published

2026-05-19

How to Cite

Oryan, B., Gabriel, A.-A., Bürgmann, R., Calais, E., Cheng, G., Chlieh, M., Cosenza-Muralles, B., Cruz-Atienza, V. M., Dal Zilio, L., DeMets, C., Ellis, A., Feng, L., Freymueller, J. T., Gunawan, E., Hanifa, N. R., Hilley, G. E., Hsu, Y.-J., Iinuma, T., Itoh, Y., Jara, J., Johnson, K. M., Jolivet, R., Kano, M., Klein, E., Li, S., Li, S., Lindsey, E. O., Liu, Z., Loveless, J. P., Lovery, B., Maubant, L., Michel, S., Muller, C., Métois, M., Nishimura, T., Noda, A., Panda, D., Perry, M., Plata-Martinez, R., Radiguet, M., Rousset, B., Sherrill, E. M., Socquet, A., Villegas-Lanza, J. C., Wallace, L. M., Xue, L., Yokota, Y., Yoshioka, S., & Yu, S.-B. (2026). The Coupling Cloud: A community database of megathrust kinematic coupling models. Seismica, 5(1). https://doi.org/10.26443/seismica.v5i1.2314

Issue

Vol. 5 No. 1 (2026)

Section

Articles

License

Copyright (c) 2026 Bar Oryan, Alice-Agnes Gabriel, Roland Bürgmann, Eric Calais, Guo Cheng, Mohamed Chlieh, Beatriz Cosenza-Muralles, Víctor M. Cruz-Atienza, Luca Dal Zilio, Charles DeMets, Andria Ellis, Lujia Feng, Jeffrey T. Freymueller, Endra Gunawan, Nuraini R. Hanifa, George E. Hilley, Ya-Ju Hsu, Takeshi Iinuma, Yuji Itoh, Jorge Jara, Kaj M. Johnson, Romain Jolivet, Masayuki Kano, Emilie Klein, Shanshan Li, Shaoyang Li, Eric O. Lindsey, Zhen Liu, John P. Loveless, Bertrand Lovery, Louise Maubant, Sylvain Michel, Cyril Muller, Marianne Métois, Takuya Nishimura, Akemi Noda, Dibyashakti Panda, Mason Perry, Raymundo Plata-Martinez, Mathilde Radiguet, Baptiste Rousset, Elizabeth M. Sherrill, Anne Socquet, Juan Carlos Villegas-Lanza, Laura M. Wallace, Lian Xue, Yusuke Yokota, Shoichi Yoshioka, Shui-Beih Yu

Creative Commons License

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

Funding data