Improving seismicity monitoring to prepare for CO2 storage in the Horda platform, Norwegian North Sea
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.26443/seismica.v5i2.2561Keywords:
ocean bottom seismometer, earthquake monitoringAbstract
The Horda Platform in the Norwegian North Sea will host several awarded CO2 storage licenses. This requires a robust understanding of background seismicity for site characterization and baseline monitoring. Offshore seismic monitoring is challenging when relying mainly on land stations, leading to poor azimuthal coverage and less precise locations. To improve monitoring in the Horda platform, we deployed three broadband ocean bottom seismometers (OBSs) during October 2021 to September 2022. We used ambient noise cross-correlations to validate OBS timing corrections, which also revealed Scholte waves consistent with the presence of soft sediments. We applied a deep learning-based detection algorithm to continuous OBSs and land data, followed by manual review. The resulting catalog, combined with the Norwegian National Seismic Network, reduced the magnitude of completeness to 0.8. Bayesian hierarchical relocation further refined event locations and increased confidence in detecting small earthquakes. The seismicity analysis revealed previously undetected offshore events, mainly north of the Horda Platform. These events are small and spatially scattered, but provide an improved baseline for seismicity characterization. Our work shows that long-term OBS deployment near the injection site enhances passive seismic monitoring plan for an offshore CO2 storage site.
References
Alsaker, A., Kvamme, L. B., Hansen, R. A., Dahle, A., and Bungum, H. The ML scale in Norway. Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, 81(2):379–398, 1991. doi: 10.1785/BSSA0810020379. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1785/BSSA0810020379
Baird, A. F., Morten, J. P., Oye, V., and Bjørnstad, S. Ocean Space Surveillance and Real-Time Event Characterization Using Distributed Acoustic Sensing on Submarine Networks. Seismological Research Letters, 96(2A):691–705, 2025. doi: 10.1785/0220240360. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1785/0220240360
Bensen, G. D., Ritzwoller, M. H., Barmin, M. P., Levshin, A. L., Lin, F., Moschetti, M. P., Shapiro, N. M., and Yang, Y. Processing seismic ambient noise data to obtain reliable broad-band surface wave dispersion measurements. Geophysical Journal International, 169(3):1239–1260, 2007. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-246X.2007.03374.x. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-246X.2007.03374.x
Beyreuther, M., Barsch, R., Krischer, L., Megies, T., Behr, Y., and Wassermann, J. ObsPy: A Python Toolbox for Seismology. Seismological Research Letters, 81(3):530–533, 05 2010. doi: 10.1785/gssrl.81.3.530. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1785/gssrl.81.3.530
Bungum, H., Lindholm, C. D., and Dahle, A. Long-period ground-motions for large European earthquakes, 1905–1992, and comparisons with stochastic predictions. Journal of Seismology, 7(3):377–396, Jul 2003. doi: 10.1023/A:1024505229355. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1024505229355
Bussat, S. and Kugler, S. Offshore ambient-noise surface-wave tomography above 0.1 Hz and its applications. The Leading Edge, 30(5): 514–524, 2011. doi: 10.1190/1.3589107. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1190/1.3589107
Bussat, S., Bjerrum, L., Dando, B., Bergfjord, E., Iranpour, K., and Oye, V. Offshore injection and overburden surveillance using real-time passive seismic. First Break, 34(7), 2016. doi: 10.3997/1365-2397.34.7.86052. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3997/1365-2397.34.7.86052
Bussat, S., Houbiers, M., and Zarifi, Z. Real-time microseismic overburden surveillance at the Grane PRM field offshore Norway. First Break, 36(4):63–70, 2018. doi: 10.3997/1365-2397.n0084. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3997/1365-2397.n0084
Chen, Y., Saad, O. M., Savvaidis, A., Chen, Y., and Fomel, S. 3D Microseismic Monitoring Using Machine Learning. Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth, 127(3):e2021JB023842, 2022. doi: 10.1029/2021JB023842. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1029/2021JB023842
Corela, C., Loureiro, A., Duarte, J. L., Matias, L., Rebelo, T., and Bartolomeu, T. The effect of deep ocean currents on ocean-bottom seis-mometers records. Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences, 23(4):1433–1451, 2023. doi: 10.5194/nhess-23-1433-2023. DOI: https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-23-1433-2023
Crowder, E., Rawlinson, N., Cornwell, D. G., Sammarco, C., Galetti, E., and Curtis, A. New insights into North Sea deep crustal structure and extension from transdimensional ambient noise tomography. Geophysical Journal International, 224(2):1197–1210, 2021. doi: 10.1093/gji/ggaa475. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/gji/ggaa475
Cubas Armas, M., Ugalde, A., Monfret, T., Ventosa, S., Rodriguez, T., and Villaseñor, A. Integrating Submarine DAS into a Regional Seismic Network for Enhanced Offshore Earthquake Location: A Case Study from the Canary Islands. Seismological Research Letters, 2026. doi: 10.1785/0220250350. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1785/0220250350
Delaney, E., Ermert, L., Sager, K., Kritski, A., Bussat, S., and Fichtner, A. Passive seismic monitoring with nonstationary noise sources. Geophysics, 82(4):KS57–KS70, 2017. doi: 10.1190/geo2016-0330.1. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1190/geo2016-0330.1
Demuth, A., Ottemöller, L., and Keers, H. Ambient noise levels and detection threshold in Norway. Journal of Seismology, 20(3):889–904, 2016. doi: 10.1007/s10950-016-9566-8. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10950-016-9566-8
Dewangan, P., Reddy, R., Kamesh Raju, K. A., Singha, P., Aswini, K. K., Yatheesh, V., Samudrala, K., and Shuhail, M. Nature of the Ambient Noise, Site Response, and Orientation of Ocean-Bottom Seismometers (OBSs): Scientific Results of a Passive Seismic Experiment in the Andaman Sea. Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, 108(1):248–259, 2017. doi: 10.1785/0120170163. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1785/0120170163
Doran, A. K. and Laske, G. Ocean-Bottom Seismometer Instrument Orientations via Automated Rayleigh-Wave Arrival-Angle Measurements. Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, 107(2):691–708, 2017. doi: 10.1785/0120160165. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1785/0120160165
Eigestad, G. T., Dahle, H. K., Hellevang, B., Riis, F., Johansen, W. T., and Øian, E. Geological modeling and simulation of CO2 injection in the Johansen formation. Computational Geosciences, 13(4):435–450, 2009. doi: 10.1007/s10596-009-9134-3. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10596-009-9153-y
Ellsworth, W. L. Injection-Induced Earthquakes. Science, 341(6142):1225942, 2013. doi: 10.1126/science.1225942. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1225942
Fazlikhani, H., Fossen, H., Gawthorpe, R. L., Faleide, J. I., and Bell, R. E. Basement structure and its influence on the structural configuration of the northern North Sea rift. Tectonics, 36(6):1151–1177, 2017. doi: 10.1002/2017TC004514. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/2017TC004514
Fejerskov, M. and Lindholm, C. Crustal stress in and around Norway: an evaluation of stress-generating mechanisms. Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 167(1):451–467, 2000. doi: 10.1144/GSL.SP.2000.167.01.19. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1144/GSL.SP.2000.167.01.19
Frazão, Orlando, Silva, Susana, Corela, Carlos, Loureiro, Afonso, Gonçalves, Susana, Robalinho, Paulo, Sousa, Ricardo, Martins, Hugo F., Carrilho, Fernando, Omira, Rachid, Niehus, Manfred, and Matias, Luis. Comparison of seismic records obtained by distributed acoustic sensing and ocean bottom seismometers. J. Eur. Opt. Society-Rapid Publ., 22(1):11, 2026. doi: 10.1051/jeos/2026007. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1051/jeos/2026007
Funck, T., Geissler, W. H., Kimbell, G. S., Gradmann, S., Ögmundur Erlendsson, McDermott, K., and Petersen, U. K. Moho and basement depth in the NE Atlantic Ocean based on seismic refraction data and receiver functions. Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 447(1):207–231, 2017. doi: 10.1144/SP447.1. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1144/SP447.1
Furre, A.-K., Meneguolo, R., Ringrose, P., and Kassold, S. Building confidence in CCS: From Sleipner to the Northern Lights Project. First Break, 37(7):81–87, 2019. doi: 10.3997/1365-2397.n0038. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3997/1365-2397.n0038
Ge, S. and Saar, M. O. Review: Induced Seismicity During Geoenergy Development—A Hydromechanical Perspective. Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth, 127(3):e2021JB023141, 2022. doi: 10.1029/2021JB023141. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1029/2021JB023141
Goertz-Allmann, B. P., Kühn, D., Oye, V., Bohloli, B., and Aker, E. Combining microseismic and geomechanical observations to interpret storage integrity at the In Salah CCS site. Geophysical Journal International, 198(1):447–461, 2014. doi: 10.1093/gji/ggu010. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/gji/ggu010
Grigoli, F., Cesca, S., Rinaldi, A. P., Manconi, A., López-Comino, J. A., Clinton, J. F., Westaway, R., Cauzzi, C., Dahm, T., and Wiemer, S. The November 2017 Mw 5.5 Pohang earthquake: A possible case of induced seismicity in South Korea. Science, 360 (6392):1003–1006, 2018. doi: 10.1126/science.aat2010. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aat2010
Hable, S., Sigloch, K., Barruol, G., Stähler, S. C., and Hadziioannou, C. Clock errors in land and ocean bottom seismograms: high-accuracy estimates from multiple-component noise cross-correlations. Geophysical Journal International, 214(3):2014–2034, 2018. doi: 10.1093/gji/ggy236. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/gji/ggy236
Havskov, J. and Bungum, H. Source parameters for earthquakes in the northern North Sea. Norsk Geologisk Tidsskrift, (67):51–58, 1987.
Havskov, J. and Ottemoller, L. SeisAn Earthquake Analysis Software. Seismological Research Letters, 70(5):532–534, 1999. doi: 10.1785/gssrl.70.5.532. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1785/gssrl.70.5.532
Havskov, J. and Ottemöller, L. Routine Data Processing in Earthquake Seismology: With Sample Data, Exercises and Software. Springer, 2010. doi: 10.1007/978-90-481-8697-6. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-90-481-8697-6
Havskov, J., Voss, P. H., and Ottemöller, L. Seismological Observatory Software: 30 Yr of SEISAN. Seismological Research Letters, 91(3): 1846–1852, 2020. doi: 10.1785/0220190313. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1785/0220190313
Herrmann, R. B. Computer Programs in Seismology: An Evolving Tool for Instruction and Research. Seismological Research Letters, 84(6): 1081–1088, 11 2013. doi: 10.1785/0220110096. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1785/0220110096
Holden, N., Osmond, J. L., Mulrooney, M. J., Braathen, A., Skurtveit, E., and Sundal, A. Structural characterization and across-fault seal assessment of the Aurora CO2 storage site, northern North Sea. Petroleum Geoscience, 28(4):petgeo2022–036, 2022. doi: 10.1144/petgeo2022-036. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1144/petgeo2022-036
Jeddi, Z., Ottemöller, L., Sørensen, M. B., Rezaei, S., Gibbons, S. J., Strømme, M. L., Voss, P. H., and Dahl-Jensen, T. Improved Seismic Monitoring with OBS Deployment in the Arctic: A Pilot Study from Offshore Western Svalbard. Seismological Research Letters, 92(5): 2705–2717, 2021. doi: 10.1785/0220200471. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1785/0220200471
Jerkins, A. E., Shiddiqi, H. A., Kværna, T., Gibbons, S. J., Schweitzer, J., Ottemöller, L., and Bungum, H. The 30 June 2017 North Sea Earthquake: Location, Characteristics, and Context. Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, 110(2):937–952, 2020. doi: 10.1785/0120190181. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1785/0120190181
Jerkins, A. E., Oye, V., Alvizuri, C., Halpaap, F., and Kværna, T. The 21 March 2022 Mw 5.1 Tampen Spur Earthquake, North Sea: Location, Moment Tensor, and Context. Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, 114(2):741–757, 2023. doi: 10.1785/0120230163. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1785/0120230163
Kaven, J. O., Hickman, S. H., McGarr, A. F., and Ellsworth, W. L. Surface Monitoring of Microseismicity at the Decatur, Illinois, CO2 Seques-tration Demonstration Site. Seismological Research Letters, 86(4):1096–1101, 06 2015. doi: 10.1785/0220150062. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1785/0220150062
Kugler, S., Bohlen, T., Forbriger, T., Bussat, S., and Klein, G. Scholte-wave tomography for shallow-water marine sediments. Geophysical Journal International, 168(2):551–570, 2007. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-246X.2006.03233.x. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-246X.2006.03233.x
Landrø, M., Bouffaut, L., Kriesell, H. J., Potter, J. R., Rørstadbotnen, R. A., Taweesintananon, K., Johansen, S. E., Brenne, J. K., Haukanes, A., Schjelderup, O., and Storvik, F. Sensing whales, storms, ships and earthquakes using an Arctic fibre optic cable. Scientific Reports, 12(1): 19226, 2022. doi: 10.1038/s41598-022-23606-x. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-022-23606-x
Lee, A. W. THE NORTH SEA EARTHQUAKE OF 1927 JANUARY 24. Geophysical Journal International, 3(s1):21–30, 1932. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-246X.1932.tb03655.x. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-246X.1932.tb03655.x
Lienert, B. R. and Havskov, J. A computer Program for Locating Earthquakes Both Locally and Globally. Seismological Research Letters, 66 (5):26–36, 1995. doi: 10.1785/gssrl.66.5.26. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1785/gssrl.66.5.26
Loviknes, K. Measuring seismic station timing errors from ambient noise. Master thesis, University of Bergen, 2018. https://bora.uib.no/ bora-xmlui/handle/1956/18942.
Loviknes, K., Jeddi, Z., Ottemöller, L., and Barreyre, T. When Clocks Are Not Working: OBS Time Correction. Seismological Research Letters, 91(4):2247–2258, 2020. doi: 10.1785/0220190342. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1785/0220190342
Marck, A., Ottemöller, L., Rondenay, S., and Fossen, H. Intraplate seismicity in southwestern Norway: enhanced catalogue highlights diffusive earthquake occurrence linked to inherited weakness zones. Geophysical Journal International, 240(3):2006–2022, 2025. doi: 10.1093/gji/ggaf018. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/gji/ggaf018
McNamara, D. E. and Buland, R. P. Ambient Noise Levels in the Continental United States. Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, 94(4):1517–1527, 2004. doi: 10.1785/012003001. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1785/012003001
Mousavi, S. M., Sheng, Y., Zhu, W., and Beroza, G. C. STanford EArthquake Dataset (STEAD): A Global Data Set of Seismic Signals for AI. IEEE Access, 7:179464–179476, 2019. doi: 10.1109/ACCESS.2019.2947848. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1109/ACCESS.2019.2947848
Mousavi, S. M., Ellsworth, W., Weiqiang, Z., Chuang, L., and Beroza, G. Earthquake transformer—an attentive deep-learning model for simultaneous earthquake detection and phase picking. Nature Communications, 11:3952, 08 2020. doi: 10.1038/s41467-020-17591-w. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-020-17591-w
Myers, S. C., Johannesson, G., and Hanley, W. A Bayesian hierarchical method for multiple-event seismic location. Geophysical Journal International, 171(3):1049–1063, 2007. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-246X.2007.03555.x. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-246X.2007.03555.x
Myers, S. C., Johannesson, G., and Hanley, W. Incorporation of probabilistic seismic phase labels into a Bayesian multiple-event seismic locator. Geophysical Journal International, 177(1):193–204, 2009. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-246X.2008.04070.x. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-246X.2008.04070.x
Naranjo, D., Parisi, L., Jónsson, S., Jousset, P., Werthmüller, D., and Weemstra, C. Ocean bottom seismometer clock correction using ambi-ent seismic noise. Seismica, 3(1), 2024. doi: 10.26443/seismica.v3i1.367. DOI: https://doi.org/10.26443/seismica.v3i1.367
Nguyen, X. N., Dahm, T., and Grevemeyer, I. Inversion of Scholte wave dispersion and waveform modeling for shallow structure of the Ninetyeast Ridge. Journal of Seismology, 13(4):543–559, Oct 2009. doi: 10.1007/s10950-008-9145-8. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10950-008-9145-8
Ottemöller, L., Strømme, M. L., and Storheim, B. M. Seismic monitoring and data processing at the Norwegian National Seismic Network, volume 52, chapter Summary of the Bulletin of the International Seismological Centre 2015 January-June, pages 27–40. International Seismological Centre, Thatcham, United Kingdom, 2018. doi: 10.31905/1M97CSYL. DOI: https://doi.org/10.31905/1M97CSYL
Ottemöller, L., Michalek, J., Christensen, J., Baadshaug, U., Halpaap, F., Natvik, o., Kværna, T., and Oye, V. UiB-NORSAR EIDA Node: Integra-tion of Seismological Data in Norway. Seismological Research Letters, 92(3):1491–1500, 2021a. doi: 10.1785/0220200369.
Ottemöller, L., Michalek, J., Christensen, J.-M., Baadshaug, U., Halpaap, F., Natvik, o., Kværna, T., and Oye, V. UiB-NORSAR EIDA Node: Integration of Seismological Data in Norway. Seismological Research Letters, 2021b. doi: 10.1785/0220200369. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1785/0220200369
Parisi, L., Augustin, N., Trippanera, D., Kirk, H., Dannowski, A., Matrau, R., Fittipaldi, M., Nobile, A., Zielke, O., Valero Cano, E., Hoogewerf, G., Aspiotis, T., Manzo-Vega, S., Espindola Carmona, A., Barreto, A., Juchem, M., Suhendi, C., Schmidt-Aursch, M., Mai, P. M., and Jónsson, S. The First Network of Ocean Bottom Seismometers in the Red Sea to Investigate the Zabargad Fracture Zone. Seismica, 3(1), Apr. 2024. doi: 10.26443/seismica.v3i1.729. DOI: https://doi.org/10.26443/seismica.v3i1.729
Peterson, J. R. Observation and Modeling of Seismic Background Noise. Open-File Report 93-322, U.S. Geological Survey, 1993. doi: 10.3133/ofr93322. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr93322
Pilot, M., Lien, M. J., Schlindwein, V., Ottemöller, L., and Barreyre, T. Microseismicity Around Loki’s Castle Hydrothermal Vent Field Reveals the Early Stages of Detachment Faulting at the Mohns-Knipovich Ridge Intersection. Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems, 25(12): e2024GC011732, 2024. doi: 10.1029/2024GC011732. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1029/2024GC011732
Rathnayaka, S. and Gao, H. Crustal-Scale Seismic Structure From Trench to Forearc in the Cascadia Subduction Zone. Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth, 122(9):7311–7328, 2017. doi: 10.1002/2017JB014299. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/2017JB014299
Ringdal, F. Seismicity of the North Sea Area. In Ritsema, A. R. and Gürpinar, A., editors, Seismicity and Seismic Risk in the Offshore North Sea Area, pages 53–75. Springer Netherlands, Dordrecht, 1983. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-7046-5_7
Schultz, R., Baptie, B., Edwards, B., and Wiemer, S. Red-light thresholds for induced seismicity in the UK. Seismica, 2(2), Oct. 2023. doi: 10.26443/seismica.v2i2.1086. DOI: https://doi.org/10.26443/seismica.v2i2.1086
Schweitzer, J., Köhler, A., and Christensen, J. M. Development of the NORSAR Network over the Last 50 Yr. Seismological Research Letters, 92(3):1501–1511, 2021. doi: 10.1785/0220200375. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1785/0220200375
Shen, S., Zheng, J., Sun, Y., Teng, X., and Peng, S. A Continuous Data Acquisition System for Three-Component Surface Microseismic Real-Time Monitoring. IEEE Sensors Journal, 22(21):20635–20644, 2022. doi: 10.1109/JSEN.2022.3208442. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1109/JSEN.2022.3208442
Shiddiqi, H. A., Ottemöller, L., Rondenay, S., Custódio, S., Gahalaut, V. K., Yadav, R. K., Halpaap, F., and Gahalaut, K. Seismicity modu-lation due to hydrological loading in a stable continental region: a case study from the Jektvik swarm sequence in Northern Norway. Geophysical Journal International, 235(1):231–246, 2023a. doi: 10.1093/gji/ggad210. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/gji/ggad210
Shiddiqi, H. A., Ottemöller, L., Rondenay, S., Custódio, S., Halpaap, F., and Gahalaut, V. K. Comparison of Earthquake Clusters in a Sta-ble Continental Region: A Case Study from Nordland, Northern Norway. Seismological Research Letters, 94(3):1627–1642, 2023b. doi: 10.1785/0220220325. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1785/0220220325
Shiddiqi, H. A., Parisi, L., Valero Cano, E., Fittipaldi, M., Augustin, N., Baby, G., Mai, P. M., and Jónsson, S. Transform Faulting in the Northern Red Sea Revealed by Ocean Bottom Seismometers Deployed in the Zabargad Fracture Zone. Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems, 26 (8):e2025GC012253, 2025. doi: 10.1029/2025GC012253. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1029/2025GC012253
The ObsPy Development Team. ObsPy 1.2.2, 2020. doi: 10.5281/zenodo.3921997.
Thompson, N., Andrews, J. S., Wu, L., and Meneguolo, R. Characterization of the in-situ stress on the Horda platform – A study from the Northern Lights Eos well. International Journal of Greenhouse Gas Control, 114:103580, 2022. doi: 10.1016/j.ijggc.2022.103580. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijggc.2022.103580
Verliac, M. and Calvez, J. L. Microseismic monitoring for reliable CO2 injection and storage — Geophysical modeling challenges and oppor-tunities. The Leading Edge, 40(6):418–423, 2021. doi: 10.1190/tle40060418.1. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1190/tle40060418.1
Wessel, P., Smith, W. H. F., Scharroo, R., Luis, J., and Wobbe, F. Generic Mapping Tools: Improved Version Released. Eos, Transactions American Geophysical Union, 94(45):409–410, 2013. doi: 10.1002/2013EO450001. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/2013EO450001
Wiemer, S. and Wyss, M. Minimum Magnitude of Completeness in Earthquake Catalogs: Examples from Alaska, the Western United States, and Japan. Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, 90(4):859–869, 2000. doi: 10.1785/0119990114. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1785/0119990114
Zarifi, Z., Köhler, A., Ringrose, P., Ottemöller, L., Furre, A., Hansteen, F., Jerkins, A., Oye, V., Dehghan Niri, R., and Bakke, R. Background Seismicity Monitoring to Prepare for Large-Scale CO2 Storage Offshore Norway. Seismological Research Letters, 94(2A):775–791, 2022. doi: 10.1785/0220220178. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1785/0220220178
Zoback, M. D. and Gorelick, S. M. Earthquake triggering and large-scale geologic storage of carbon dioxide. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 109(26):10164–10168, 2012. doi: 10.1073/pnas.1202473109. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1202473109
Downloads
Additional Files
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2026 Hasbi Ash Shiddiqi, Lars Ottemöller, Zoya Zarifi, Paul Martin Mai
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
