23 April 2025 Marmara Sea (Mw 6.3), Türkiye earthquake: mainshock, aftershock, and ground observations
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.26443/seismica.v4i2.1773Keywords:
Earthquake ground motion, aftershock analysis, moment tensor inversionAbstract
On 23 April 2025, a Mw 6.3 earthquake struck the Sea of Marmara near the Kumburgaz segment of the North Anatolian Fault (NAF), triggering over 500 aftershocks within 15 days. This study presents a rapid assessment of the event through aftershock relocation using double-difference technique, full moment tensor inversion of the mainshock, and ground motion analysis. The mainshock exhibited a strike-slip mechanism at a depth of 6 km with a significant non-double-couple component (40%). The aftershocks mostly occurred east of the mainshock, primarily within 10 km depth. Shakemaps derived from ground motion recordings highlight peak ground accelerations exceeding 210 cm/s2 east of the mainshock in western Istanbul and Modified Mercalli Intensities reaching level 6. The ground motion prediction equation developed for the region slightly underestimated the peak ground motions in short-period pseudo-spectral acceleration (PSA) and peak ground acceleration (PGA). Comparison with Turkish seismic design codes revealed that short-period PSA reached code limits in some stations, raising concerns for structural resilience especially in older buildings in those areas.
References
Akinci, A., Aochi, H., Herrero, A., Pischiutta, M., & Karanikas, D. (2017). Physics-based broadband ground-motion simulations for probable Mwgeq 7.0 earthquakes in the Marmara Sea region (Turkey). Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, 107(3), 1307–1323. https://doi.org/10.1785/0120160096
Akinci, A., Dindar, A. A., Bal, I. E., Ertuncay, D., Smyrou, E., & Cheloni, D. (2025). Characteristics of strong ground motions and structural damage patterns from the February 6th, 2023 Kahramanmaraş earthquakes, Türkiye. Natural Hazards, 121(2), 1209–1239. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11069-024-06856-y
Akkar, S., Azak, T., Can, T., Çeken, U., Demircioğlu Tümsa, M., Duman, T., Erdik, M., Ergintav, S., Kadirioğlu, F., Kalafat, D., & others. (2018). Evolution of seismic hazard maps in Turkey. Bulletin of Earthquake Engineering, 16, 3197–3228. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10518-018-0349-1
Aksoy, M., Vallée, M., & Çakir, Z. (2010). Rupture characteristics of the AD 1912 Murefte (Ganos) earthquake segment of the North Anatolian Fault (western Turkey). Geology, 38, 991–994. https://doi.org/10.1130/G31447.1
Ambraseys, N. (2002). The seismic activity of the Marmara Sea region over the last 2000 years. Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, 92(1), 1–18. https://doi.org/10.1785/0120000843
Aristotle University of Thessaloniki. (1981). Aristotle University of Thessaloniki Seismological Network. International Federation of Digital Seismograph Networks. https://doi.org/10.7914/SN/HT
Atakan, K., Ojeda, A., Meghraoui, M., Barka, A. A., Erdik, M., & Bodare, A. (2002). Seismic hazard in Istanbul following the 17 August 1999 Izmit and 12 November 1999 Duzce earthquakes. Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, 92(1), 466–482. https://doi.org/10.1785/0120000828
Bassin, C., Laske, G., & Masters, G. (2000). The Current Limits of Resolution for Surface Wave Tomography in North America. EOS Trans AGU, 81, F897.
Bécel, A., Laigle, M., de Voogd, B., Hirn, A., Taymaz, T., Galvé, A., Shimamura, H., Murai, Y., Lépine, J.-C., Sapin, M., & Özalaybey, S. (2009). Moho, crustal architecture and deep deformation under the North Marmara Trough, from the SEISMARMARA Leg 1 offshore–onshore reflection–refraction survey. Tectonophysics, 467(1), 1–21. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tecto.2008.10.022
Becker, D., Martı́nez-Garzón, P., Wollin, C., Kılıç, T., & Bohnhoff, M. (2023). Variation of fault creep along the overdue Istanbul-Marmara seismic gap in NW Türkiye. Geophysical Research Letters, 50(6), e2022GL101471. https://doi.org/10.1029/2022GL101471
Bertolini, L., Elsener, B., Pedeferri, P., Redaelli, E., & Polder, R. B. (2013). Corrosion of steel in concrete: prevention, diagnosis, repair. John Wiley & Sons.
Beyreuther, M., Barsch, R., Krischer, L., Megies, T., Behr, Y., & Wassermann, J. (2010). ObsPy: A Python toolbox for seismology. Seismological Research Letters, 81(3), 530–533. https://doi.org/10.1785/gssrl.81.3.530
Bohnhoff, M., Bulut, F., Dresen, G., Malin, P. E., Eken, T., & Aktar, M. (2013). An earthquake gap south of Istanbul. Nature Communications, 4(1), 1999. https://doi.org/10.1038/ncomms2999
Büyükakpınar, P., Aktar, M., Petersen, G., & Köseoğlu, A. (2021). Orientations of Broadband Stations of the KOERI Seismic Network (Turkey) from Two Independent Methods: P‐ and Rayleigh‐Wave Polarization. Seismological Research Letters, 92(3), 1512–1521. https://doi.org/10.1785/0220200362
Büyükakpınar, P., Cannata, A., Cannavò, F., Carbone, D., De Plaen, R. S. M., Di Grazia, G., King, T., Lecocq, T., Liuzzo, M., & Salerno, G. (2022). Chronicle of Processes Leading to the 2018 Eruption at Mt. Etna As Inferred by Seismic Ambient Noise Along With Geophysical and Geochemical Observables. Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth, 127(10), e2022JB025024. https://doi.org/10.1029/2022JB025024
Büyükakpınar, P., Isken, M. P., Heimann, S., Dahm, T., Kühn, D., Starke, J., López Comino, J. Á., Cesca, S., Doubravová, J., Gudnason, E. Á., & Ágústsdóttir, T. (2025). Understanding the seismic signature of transtensional opening in the Reykjanes Peninsula rift zone, SW Iceland. J. Geophys. Res., 130(1), e2024JB029566. https://doi.org/10.1029/2024JB029566
Büyüksaraç, A., Işık, E., & Bektaş, Ö. (2022). A comparative evaluation of earthquake code change on seismic parameter and structural analysis; a case of Turkey. Arabian Journal for Science and Engineering, 47(10), 12301–12321. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13369-022-07099-4
Cogurcu, M. (2015). Construction and design defects in the residential buildings and observed earthquake damage types in Turkey. Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences, 15(4), 931–945. https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-15-931-2015
Danciu, L., Nandan, S., Reyes, C., Basili, R., Weatherill, G., Beauval, C., Rovida, A., Vilanova, S., Sesetyan, K., Bard, P.-Y., Cotton, F., Wiemer, S., & Giardini, D. (2021). The 2020 update of the European Seismic Hazard Model - ESHM20: Model overview [Techreport]. EFEHR European Facilities of Earthquake Hazard. https://doi.org/10.12686/a15
Disaster and Emergency Management Authority. (1973). Turkish National Strong Motion Network. Department of Earthquake, Disaster. https://doi.org/10.7914/SN/TK
Disaster and Emergency Management Authority. (1990). Turkish National Seismic Network. Department of Earthquake, Disaster. https://doi.org/10.7914/SN/TU
Dziewonski, A. M., Chou, T.-A., & Woodhouse, J. H. (1981). Determination of earthquake source parameters from waveform data for studies of global and regional seismicity. Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth, 86(B4), 2825–2852. https://doi.org/10.1029/JB086iB04p02825
Eken, T., Bohnhoff, M., Bulut, F., Can, B., & Aktar, M. (2013). Crustal Anisotropy in the Eastern Sea of Marmara Region in Northwestern Turkey. Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, 103(2A), 911–924. https://doi.org/10.1785/0120120156
Ekström, G., Nettles, M., & Dziewoński, A. M. (2012). The global CMT project 2004–2010: Centroid-moment tensors for 13,017 earthquakes. Physics of the Earth and Planetary Interiors, 200–201, 1–9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pepi.2012.04.002
Emre, O., Duman, T. Y., Ozalp, S., Saroglu, F., Olgun, S., Elmaci, H., & Can, T. (2018). Active fault database of Turkey. Bulletin of Earthquake Engineering, 16(8), 3229–3275. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10518-016-0041-2
Erdik, M., Demircioglu, M., Sesetyan, K., Durukal, E., & Siyahi, B. (2004). Earthquake hazard in Marmara region, Turkey. Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering, 24(8), 605–631. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soildyn.2004.04.003
Erdik, M., Pınar, A., Kale, Ö., Altunel, E., Tümsa, D., Apaydın, N. M., undefinedomoglu, M., Sandıkkaya, M. A., & Güryuva, B. (2025). April 2025 magnitude 6.2 earthquake near Istanbul highlights strengths and weaknesses in seismic mitigation. Temblor. https://doi.org/10.32858/temblor.368
Ergin, M., Özalaybey, S., Aktar, M., & Yalcin, M. (2004). Site amplification at Avcılar, Istanbul. Tectonophysics, 391(1–4), 335–346. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tecto.2004.07.021
Ergintav, S., Floyd, M., Paradissis, D., Karabulut, H., Vernant, P., Masson, F., Georgiev, I., Konca, A. O., Dogan, U., King, R., & Reilinger, R. (2023). New geodetic constraints on the role of faults and blocks vs. distribute strain in the Nubia-Arabia-Eurasia zone of active plate interactions. Turkish Journal of Earth Sciences, 32(3), Article 2. https://doi.org/10.55730/1300-0985.1842
Ergintav, S., Reilinger, R. E., Çakmak, R., Floyd, M., Cakir, Z., Doğan, U., King, R. W., McClusky, S., & Özener, H. (2014). Istanbul’s earthquake hot spots: Geodetic constraints on strain accumulation along faults in the Marmara seismic gap. Geophysical Research Letters, 41(16), 5783–5788. https://doi.org/10.1002/2014GL060985
Ertuncay, D., Simone Francesco, F., Büyükakpınar, P., & Onur, T. (2025). Dataset of “Initial observations of 23 April 2025 Marmara Sea, Türkiye earthquake: ground motion, seismic source, and aftershock analysis” article [Dataset]. Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.16421725
Frohlich, C., Riedesel, M. A., & Apperson, K. D. (1989). Note concerning possible mechanisms for non-double-couple earthquake sources. Geophysical Research Letters, 16(6), 523–526. https://doi.org/10.1029/GL016i006p00523
GEOFON Data Centre. (1993). GEOFON Seismic Network. GFZ Data Services. https://doi.org/10.14470/TR560404
Geological and Seismological Institute of Moldova. (2007). Moldova Digital Seismic Network. International Federation of Digital Seismograph Networks. https://doi.org/10.7914/SN/MD
Got, J.-L., Fréchet, J., & Klein, F. W. (1994). Deep fault plane geometry inferred from multiplet relative relocation beneath the south flank of Kilauea. Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth, 99(B8), 15375–15386. https://doi.org/10.1029/94JB00577
Gunes, O. (2015). Turkey’s grand challenge: Disaster-proof building inventory within 20 years. Case Studies in Construction Materials, 2, 18–34. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cscm.2014.12.003
Güzel, M., & Fraser, S. (2025). A magnitude 6.2 quake shakes Istanbul and injures more than 230 people. https://apnews.com/article/turkey-earthquake-istanbul-sea-marmara-magnitude-emergency-46f20a2c0b6fa3cad7634d28d1f7e5d7
Hasterok, D., Halpin, J., Collins, A., Hand, M., Kreemer, C., Gard, M., & Glorie, S. (2022). New maps of global geologic provinces and tectonic plates: global tectonics data and QGIS project file (Version 1) [Dataset]. Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6586972
Heimann, S., Isken, M., Kühn, D., Sudhaus, H., Steinberg, A., Vasyura-Bathke, H., Daout, S., Cesca, S., & Dahm, T. (2018). Grond - A probabilistic earthquake source inversion framework (1.0) [Software]. https://doi.org/10.5880/GFZ.2.1.2018.003
Heimann, S., Kriegerowski, M., Isken, M., Cesca, S., Daout, S., Grigoli, F., Juretzek, C., Megies, T., Nooshiri, N., Steinberg, A., Sudhaus, H., Vasyura-Bathke, H., Willey, T., & Dahm, T. (2017). Pyrocko - An open-source seismology toolbox and library. GFZ Data Services. https://doi.org/10.5880/GFZ.2.1.2017.001
Heimann, S., Vasyura-Bathke, H., Sudhaus, H., Isken, M. P., Kriegerowski, M., Steinberg, A., & Dahm, T. (2019). A Python framework for efficient use of pre-computed Green’s functions in seismological and other physical forward and inverse source problems. Solid Earth, 10(6), 1921–1935. https://doi.org/10.5194/se-10-1921-2019
Infantino, M., Mazzieri, I., Özcebe, A. G., Paolucci, R., & Stupazzini, M. (2020). 3D physics-based numerical simulations of ground motion in Istanbul from earthquakes along the Marmara segment of the North Anatolian fault. Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, 110(5), 2559–2576. https://doi.org/10.1785/0120190235
Institutions, M. P. P. (1990). Mediterranean Very Broadband Seismographic Network (MedNet) [Data set]. Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV). https://doi.org/10.13127/sd/fbbbtdtd6q
IPGP Data Center. (2024). IPGP Data Center. https://doi.org/10.17616/R31NJN23
Jamalreyhani, M., Pousse-Beltran, L., Hassanzadeh, M., Sadat Arabi, S., Bergman, E. A., Shamszadeh, A., Arvin, S., Fariborzi, N., & Songhori, A. (2023). Co-seismic slip of the 18 April 2021 Mw 5.9 Genaveh earthquake in the South Dezful Embayment of Zagros (Iran) and its aftershock sequence. Seismica, 2(1). https://doi.org/10.26443/seismica.v2i1.246
Kale, Ö., Akkar, S., Ansari, A., & Hamzehloo, H. (2015). A ground-motion predictive model for Iran and Turkey for horizontal PGA, PGV, and 5% damped response spectrum: Investigation of possible regional effects. Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, 105(2A), 963–980. https://doi.org/10.1785/0120140134
Kandilli Observatory And Earthquake Research Institute, Boğaziçi University. (1971). Kandilli Observatory And Earthquake Research Institute (KOERI). International Federation of Digital Seismograph Networks. https://doi.org/10.7914/SN/KO
Karabulut, H., Güvercin, S. E., Eskiköy, F., Konca, A. Ö., & Ergintav, S. (2021). The moderate size 2019 September M w 5.8 Silivri earthquake unveils the complexity of the Main Marmara Fault shear zone. Geophysical Journal International, 224(1), 377–388. https://doi.org/10.1093/gji/ggaa469
Karabulut, H., Schmittbuhl, J., Özalaybey, S., Lengline, O., Kömeç-Mutlu, A., Durand, V., Bouchon, M., Daniel, G., & Bouin, M. (2011). Evolution of the seismicity in the eastern Marmara Sea a decade before and after the 17 August 1999 Izmit earthquake. Tectonophysics, 510(1–2), 17–27. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tecto.2011.07.009
Karabulut, S., & Özel, O. (2018). 3-D shear wave velocity structure beneath the European Side of Istanbul from seismic noise arrays analysis. Geophysical Journal International, 215(3), 1803–1823. https://doi.org/10.1093/gji/ggy370
Karasözen, E., Büyükakpınar, P., Ertuncay, D., Havazlı, E., & Oral, E. (2023). A call from early-career Turkish scientists: seismic resilience is only feasible with “earthquake culture.” Seismica, 2(3). https://doi.org/10.26443/seismica.v2i3.1012
Kenawy, M., & Pitarka, A. (2025). Performance assessment of near-fault buildings subjected to physics-based simulated earthquake ground motions with fling step. Earthquake Spectra, 41(1), 381–411. https://doi.org/10.1177/87552930241285022
Kilic, H., Tohumcu Özener, P., Yildirim, M., Özaydin, K., & Adatepe, Ş. (2005). Evaluation of Küçükçekmece region with respect to soil amplification. Proceedings of the 16th International Conference on Soil Mechanics and Geotechnical Engineering, 2667–2672. https://doi.org/10.3233/978-1-61499-656-9-2667
Klin, P., Laurenzano, G., Barnaba, C., Priolo, E., & Parolai, S. (2021). Site amplification at permanent stations in northeastern Italy. Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, 111(4), 1885–1904. https://doi.org/10.1785/0120200361
Kuge, K., & Lay, T. (1994). Systematic non-double-couple components of earthquake mechanisms: The role of fault zone irregularity. Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth, 99(B8), 15457–15467. https://doi.org/10.1029/94JB00140
Kühn, D., Heimann, S., Isken, M. P., Ruigrok, E., & Dost, B. (2020). Probabilistic Moment Tensor Inversion for Hydrocarbon-Induced Seismicity in the Groningen Gas Field, The Netherlands, Part 1: Testing. Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, 110(5), 2095–2111. https://doi.org/10.1785/0120200099
Le Pichon, X., Şengör, A., Demirbağ, E., Rangin, C., Imren, C., Armijo, R., Görür, N., Çağatay, N., De Lepinay, B. M., Meyer, B., & others. (2001). The active main Marmara fault. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 192(4), 595–616. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0012-821X(01)00449-6
Loth, C., & Baker, J. W. (2013). A Spatial Cross-correlation Model of Spectral Accelerations at Multiple Periods. Earthquake Engineering & Structural Dynamics, 42(3), 397–417. https://doi.org/10.1002/eqe.2212
Loth, C., & Baker, J. W. (2020). Erratum: A Spatial Cross-correlation Model for Ground Motion Spectral Accelerations at Multiple Periods. Earthquake Engineering & Structural Dynamics, 49(3), 315–316. https://doi.org/10.1002/eqe.3233
Metz, M., Maleki Asayesh, B., Mohseni Aref, M., Jamalreyhani, M., Büyükakpınar, P., & Dahm, T. (2023). The July–December 2022 earthquake sequence in the southeastern Fars arc of Zagros mountains, Iran. Seismica, 2(2). https://doi.org/10.26443/seismica.v2i2.953
Morales-Beltran, M. (2025). Understanding 60 years of soft storey in Türkiye: an interdisciplinary perspective. Natural Hazards, 1–40. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11069-025-07258-4
National Institute for Earth Physics (NIEP Romania). (1994). Romanian Seismic Network. International Federation of Digital Seismograph Networks. https://doi.org/10.7914/SN/RO
National Institute of Geophysics, Geodesy and Geography - BAS. (1980). National Seismic Network of Bulgaria. International Federation of Digital Seismograph Networks. https://doi.org/10.7914/SN/BS
National Observatory of Athens, Institute of Geodynamics, Athens. (1975). National Observatory of Athens Seismic Network. International Federation of Digital Seismograph Networks. https://doi.org/10.7914/SN/HL
Okay, H. B., & Özacar, A. A. (2024). A Novel VS 30 Prediction Strategy Taking Fluid Saturation into Account and a New VS 30 Model of Türkiye. Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, 114(2), 1048–1065. https://doi.org/10.1785/0120230032
Özel, O., Cranswick, E., Meremonte, M., Erdik, M., & Safak, E. (2002). Site effects in Avcilar, west of Istanbul, Turkey, from strong-and weak-motion data. Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, 92(1), 499–508. https://doi.org/10.1785/0120000827
Öztürk, Y. K., Konca, A. Ö., & Özel, N. M. (2025). 3D Dynamic Rupture Simulations for the Potential Main Marmara Fault Earthquake in the Sea of Marmara Based on the Inter-Seismic Strain Accumulation. Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth, 130(7), e2024JB029585. https://doi.org/10.1029/2024JB029585
Parsons, T., Toda, S., Stein, R. S., Barka, A., & Dieterich, J. H. (2000). Heightened odds of large earthquakes near Istanbul: an interaction-based probability calculation. Science, 288(5466), 661–665. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.288.5466.661
Picozzi, M., Strollo, A., Parolai, S., Durukal, E., Özel, O., Karabulut, S., Zschau, J., & Erdik, M. (2009). Site characterization by seismic noise in Istanbul, Turkey. Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering, 29(3), 469–482. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soildyn.2008.05.007
Pyper Griffiths, J. H., Irfanoglu, A., & Pujol, S. (2007). Istanbul at the threshold: an evaluation of the seismic risk in Istanbul. Earthquake Spectra, 23(1), 63–75. https://doi.org/10.1193/1.2424988
Reilinger, R., McClusky, S., Vernant, P., Lawrence, S., Ergintav, S., Cakmak, R., Ozener, H., Kadirov, F., Guliev, I., Stepanyan, R., & others. (2006). GPS constraints on continental deformation in the Africa-Arabia-Eurasia continental collision zone and implications for the dynamics of plate interactions. Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth, 111(B5). https://doi.org/10.1029/2005JB004051
Rösler, B., Stein, S., Ringler, A., & Vackář, J. (2024). Apparent Non-Double-Couple Components as Artifacts of Moment Tensor Inversion. Seismica, 3(1). https://doi.org/10.26443/seismica.v3i1.1157
Rösler, B., Stein, S., & Spencer, B. (2023). When are Non-Double-Couple Components of Seismic Moment Tensors Reliable? Seismica, 2(1). https://doi.org/10.26443/seismica.v2i1.241
Şahin, M., Yaltırak, C., Bulut, F., & Garagon, A. (2022). Stress change generated by the 2019 İstanbul–Silivri earthquakes along the complex structure of the North Anatolian Fault in the Marmara Sea. Earth, Planets and Space, 74(1), 1–16. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40623-022-01706-2
Schmittbuhl, J., Karabulut, H., Lengliné, O., & Bouchon, M. (2016). Seismicity distribution and locking depth along the Main Marmara Fault, Turkey. Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems, 17(3), 954–965. https://doi.org/10.1002/2015GC006120
Şengör, A., Tüysüz, O., Imren, C., Sakınç, M., Eyidoğan, H., Görür, N., Le Pichon, X., & Rangin, C. (2005). The North Anatolian fault: A new look. Annu. Rev. Earth Planet. Sci., 33(1), 37–112. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.earth.32.101802.120415
Somerville, P. G., Smith, N. F., Graves, R. W., & Abrahamson, N. A. (1997). Modification of empirical strong ground motion attenuation relations to include the amplitude and duration effects of rupture directivity. Seismological Research Letters, 68(1), 199–222. https://doi.org/10.1785/gssrl.68.1.199
Stupazzini, M., Infantino, M., Allmann, A., & Paolucci, R. (2021). Physics-based probabilistic seismic hazard and loss assessment in large urban areas: A simplified application to Istanbul. Earthquake Engineering & Structural Dynamics, 50(1), 99–115. https://doi.org/10.1002/eqe.3365
Tan, O. (2024). Long-term aftershock properties of the catastrophic 6 February 2023 Kahramanmaraş (Türkiye) earthquake sequence. Acta Geophysica, 1–18. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11600-024-01419-y
Tan, O., Karagöz, Ö., Ergintav, S., & Duran, K. (2023). The neglected Istanbul earthquakes in the North Anatolian Shear Zone: tectonic implications and broad-band ground motion simulations for a future moderate event. Geophysical Journal International, 233(1), 700–723. https://doi.org/10.1093/gji/ggac477
Tezcan, S. S., Kaya, E., Bal, I. E., & Özdemir, Z. (2002). Seismic amplification at Avcılar, Istanbul. Engineering Structures, 24(5), 661–667. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0141-0296(02)00002-0
TÜBITAK Marmara Research Center. (2016). MRC Earth and Marine Sciences Network. International Federation of Digital Seismograph Networks. https://doi.org/10.7914/SN/TB
Turhan, F., Acarel, D., Plicka, V., Bohnhoff, M., Polat, R., & Zahradnı́k, J. (2023). Coseismic Faulting Complexity of the 2019 M w 5.7 Silivri Earthquake in the Central Marmara Seismic Gap, Offshore Istanbul. Seismological Society of America, 94(1), 75–86. https://doi.org/10.1785/0220220111
Türker, E., Yen, M.-H., Pilz, M., & Cotton, F. (2024). Significance of Pulse-Like Ground Motions and Directivity Effects in Moderate Earthquakes: The Example of the M w 6.1 Gölyaka-Düzce Earthquake on 23 November 2022. Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, 114(2), 955–964. https://doi.org/10.1785/0120230043
U.S. Geological Survey, Earthquake Hazards Program. (2017). Advanced National Seismic System (ANSS) Comprehensive Catalog of Earthquake Events and Products. https://doi.org/10.5066/F7MS3QZH
Wald, D. J., & Worden, C. B. (2016). ShakeMap Manual. U.S. Geological Survey. https://doi.org/10.5066/F7D21VPQ
Waldhauser, F., & Ellsworth, W. L. (2000). A double-difference earthquake location algorithm: Method and application to the northern Hayward fault, California. Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, 90(6), 1353–1368. https://doi.org/10.1785/0120000006
Worden, C. B., Gerstenberger, M. C., Rhoades, D. A., & Wald, D. J. (2012). Probabilistic Relationships between Ground-Motion Parameters and Modified Mercalli Intensity in California. Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, 102(1), 204–221. https://doi.org/10.1785/0120110156
Worden, C. B., Thompson, E. M., Baker, J. W., Bradley, B. A., Luco, N., & Wald, D. J. (2018). Spatial and Spectral Interpolation of Ground-Motion Intensity Measure Observations. Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, 108(2), 866–875. https://doi.org/10.1785/0120170201
WorldPop, & Bondarenko, M. (2020). Individual countries 1km UN adjusted population density (2000-2020). University of Southampton.
Yakut, A., Sucuoğlu, H., & Akkar, S. (2012). Seismic risk prioritization of residential buildings in Istanbul. Earthquake Engineering & Structural Dynamics, 41(11), 1533–1547. https://doi.org/10.1002/eqe.2215
Yılmaz, Z., Konca, A. Ö., & Ergintav, S. (2022). The Effect of the 3-D Structure on Strain Accumulation and the Interseismic Behavior Along the North Anatolian Fault in the Sea of Marmara. Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth, 127(3), e2021JB022838. https://doi.org/10.1029/2021JB022838
Downloads
Additional Files
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2025 Deniz Ertuncay, Pinar Buyukakpinar, Simone Francesco Fornasari, Onur Tan
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
